BIO FPX 1000 Assessment 6 Patient Case Study Profiles – Cancer Causes

Alexa, a robust 64-year-old woman, experienced her first childbirth at the age of 20 and entered menopause at 58. Following menopause, she underwent estrogen replacement treatment for approximately six years, leading to weight gain. Her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 37, and Alexa had her first menstruation at 13. Risk Factors Breast Cancer Risk Family history of breast cancer Doubled likelihood Early onset of menstruation   Estrogen replacement therapy 3.1% in next 5 years   12.1% lifetime risk Recommendation for Alexa: Alexa is advised to continue estrogen replacement treatment for breast cancer risk reduction (Manyonda et al., 2022). Despite her elevated risk due to family history, stress management is crucial. Alexa should adopt a healthy lifestyle by maintaining a proper diet, avoiding alcohol, staying active, and undergoing regular breast cancer screenings every 40 days. Paula’s Profile: Paula, at 71, is battling bladder cancer that has spread to her ovaries and lymphatic vessels. Her sister underwent breast cancer treatment three years ago, and her mother succumbed to lung cancer. Two paternal uncles and her maternal grandma also faced cancer. Risk Factors Breast Cancer Risk Family history of breast cancer Estimated 8.3% in next 5 years Sister’s BRCA1 mutation     18.2% lifetime risk Recommendation for Paula: Given Paula’s extensive family history, vigilance is crucial. Diagnostic screenings are recommended, especially with her sister’s BRCA1 mutation. Additionally, chemotherapy for bladder cancer is advised (Mar & Dayyani, 2019). June’s Profile: June, aged 58, undergoes regular mammograms. Her family history includes her aunt’s breast cancer and her mother’s brain tumor. June’s blood pressure and cholesterol levels are high, and she has fragile bones. Risk Factors Breast Cancer Risk Family history of breast cancer 2.6% in next 5 years High blood pressure and cholesterol   Oral contraceptive history     14.6% lifetime risk Recommendation for June: Due to oral contraceptive history, June should undergo regular mammograms with a 7% increased breast cancer risk (Bardaweel et al., 2019). Controlling hypertension and cholesterol through the DASH eating plan is advised, along with a diet rich in calcium to combat osteoporosis. BIO FPX 1000 Assessment 6 Patient Case Study Profiles – Cancer Causes Nora’s Profile: Nora, 51, hasn’t reached menopause, and her family history includes breast and colon cancer. Risk Factors Breast Cancer Risk Family history of breast and colon cancer 3% in next 5 years   23.8% lifetime risk Recommendation for Nora: Nora should undergo BRCA1 testing due to her family history. Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol and maintaining a healthy diet, are crucial. Regular examinations and addressing risk factors, including age at first pregnancy and oral contraceptive use, are essential (Bardaweel et al., 2019; Sahin et al., 2019). References Aurin, J., Thorlacius, H., & Butt, S. T. (2020). Age at first childbirth and breast cancer survival: a prospective cohort study. BMC Research Notes, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4864-1 Bardaweel, S. K., Akour, A. A., Al-Muhaissen, S., AlSalamat, H. A., & Ammar, K. (2019). Oral contraceptive and breast cancer: Do benefits outweigh the risks? A case–control study from Jordan. BMC Women’s Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0770-x Łukasiewicz, S., Czeczelewski, M., Forma, A., Baj, J., Sitarz, R., & Stanisławek, A. (2021).