In the film "White Like Me" as well as the articles we see how race and ethnicity are historically, socially, and linguistically constructed. For this essay, first identify and discuss the evidence that Wise and Brodkin present to support the argument that "whiteness" is a socially and historically constructed phenomenon. Do you agree or disagree with their arguments? Explain. Define and discuss code-switching as it relates to race and ethnicity. What are some examples of code-switching related to race and ethnicity that you engage in and/or have observed in your everyday life?

In the film White Like Me, Tim Wise talks about how American society is centered around race and racism. He explains that white people do not think about being white because they are the majority, and they have developed policies and institutions that benefit them and not minorities. This is where the concept of white privilege comes from. Beginning with the Constitution, the white male founders of the United States included privileges for white people that other people who also lived in the country did not have. Since then, racism and racial identity has played a major role in the way American society has developed. Now the racial biases that are built into American society are so common that white people do not even realize how they affect people of color.

Laws and policies that were made after the early days of the United States becoming an independent nation continued to favor white people, and still do to this day. Even in the twentieth century when some of the issues were being worked out, there was racial bias in government policies. The policies that pulled the United States out of the Great Depression were only made laws because white Southern politicians voted for them and to get them to vote, there had to be a racist element to these laws. For instance, agricultural workers and domestic workers could not get unemployment benefits like other workers could. The majority of agricultural and domestic workers were black. The National Housing Act was another law that benefited mostly white people, so did the G.I. bill for veterans. Black veterans qualified but their privilege was not protected (Morris, 2013). Because white people benefited from these programs, they were able to accumulate wealth that black people could not.

Beyond economic issues, white people do not have to worry about being racially profiled or being stigmatized as ignorant or unintelligent. White families have twenty times more wealth than black and eighteen times more than Hispanics. Schools that are majority black also have high levels of poverty, and white job applicants with a criminal record are more likely to be called for an interview than a black candidate without a criminal record (Morris, 2013). Healthcare was often denied black people because they were too poor to afford it, and now when they can get it through the Affordable Care Act, white privileged people like the current administration represents want to take it away.

White people are oblivious to the privileges they have and to the bias against people of color in themselves and in many of the government institutions and customs of society. Some thought that when Barack Obama was elected president that it meant racism was over, but it did not mean that. He is just one black man in a population of 40 million who did an extraordinary thing (Morris, 2013). There is still a lot of injustice toward black people today nearly three years after the end of President Obama’s second term in office ended.

One of the worst injustices is that there are more black people in prison now than were enslaved in 1850. This is a form of racial control (Morris, 2013). When the drug wars were being waged in the 1970s and 1980s, black people were locked up for decades for non-violent drug crimes, but white people were not even though both groups use and sell drugs in equal numbers. Black people with criminal records once incarcerated are branded and cannot vote, serve on a jury, get welfare or have access to public housing. It is the racial caste system of the past only redesigned through the prison system.

Some white people think that the efforts to limit discrimination and prejudice are out of control and have become detrimental to whites. Some believe that racism is greater against white people than black people. Some want American society to be colorblind, which just means that white people could continue with the same privileges but no one would point out that they were the ones who benefited and people of color did not. Many conservative policies are racial policies in disguise. For instance, tax cuts for the wealthy means that rich people do not have to pay as many taxes as poor and middle class Americans do. This comes about because white, wealthy people are in office and do not want their tax dollars to fund programs to help poor people. There are just as many white poor people as black, but poverty has been framed as being a problem of people of color. Even poor white people will vote against policies that would benefit them because they also benefit people of color (Morris, 2013). That is how pervasive racism is in the United States.

Code Switching

Code switching occurs when a person speaks to one group of people, usually those they are most familiar with like their family and friends, one way and to people the work with or others not as familiar in society in another way. Wise talks about this in Whi