The Role of Helicobacter pylori in the Development of Gastric Ulcers and Its Implications for Treatment

1. Introduction

Helicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the digestive system, has been recognized as an important part of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in the past. It is not only the main cause of type B gastritis, but also the most important cause of peptic ulcer formation after the discovery of bacteria in the 1980s. It is also closely related to the occurrence of gastric cancer. For the symptomatic dyspepsia population, the H. pylori test and eradication program is of great significance; before or after endoscopic surgery, H. pylori detection and eradication treatment are also considered by the guidelines for the prevention of the first and second peptic ulcers. Certainly, in recent years, drug therapy and surgery have improved, but the patient's recurrence, high cost, long course of treatment, and many adverse reactions have become problems. At the same time, with the increase in bacterial resistance, the rate of H. pylori eradication has been decreasing year by year, especially for second-line eradication, which is difficult and controversial. With the increasing resistance of H. pylori and the side effects of drugs, many strong drugs and foods have been discovered, such as reactive oxygen species and antioxidants and Elle treatments. Related publications have shown that various types of sesquiterpene lactones have moderate antibacterial effects on H. pylori. Most of them are taken orally, and a small part contains antioxidant properties. The antioxidant effect of lactic acid is related to the number and orientation of phenolic hydroxyl hydrogen atoms alone, this does not depend on the unsaturation of carbon-carbon binding. These natural substances can act as antioxidants in a single step, which means that antioxidants are involved in a redox reaction without significantly interfering with the digestive retention of nutrients. Some react with the placebo's performance and increase the neutralizing reaction, so it can be used as a new complementary drug for H. pylori eradication.Write an Essay in 5 Minutes: Can You Handle It?Let's write

2. Pathophysiology of Gastric Ulcers

Gastric ulcer is a chronic necrotizing lesion appearing in the mucous membrane, or in the mucous membrane and the submucous layer of the stomach wall as a result of the action of corrosive factors. These factors interfere with the mucosal membrane protection mechanisms, causing breaks in the continuity of its cells and vessels, leading to micro-injury and subsequent development of the ulcer. The process of tissue regeneration under normal conditions follows, which prevents an ulcer from appearing. According to the histological structure of the mucous membrane and changes in the glandular apparatus, one distinguishes erosion, superficial, deep, and giant ulcers, which may have a muscular layer or serosa exposed. Clinicoradiological symptoms of the large gastric ulcer are the most specific. Gastric ulcers usually occur in humans over 45 years of age, and for identification, they use endoscopy and radiography. The endoscopy method is more sensitive, and on average, it reveals two of the 2.6 cm large gastric lesions. The most frequent cause of gastric ulcers is the Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Almost 50% of the population has already been affected by this bacterium. There are patients in whom the development of gastric ulcers is accompanied by the long-term administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which damage the protective properties of the stomach.

2.1. Helicobacter pylori as a Major Causative Agent

At the end of the last century, M. I. Karttunen and J. Nuutinen established that H. pylori colonization is an essential pathogenetic factor in the development of chronic gastritis, on the basis of long-term exposure to the main aggressive factors of the stomach. They also specified the probable transformation of chronic superficial gastritis into atrophic gastritis when associated with this pathogen. More recent studies, showing that H. pylori also does not impede the recovery of the epithelium from peptic lesions, elucidate precisely the pathological mechanisms of the bacteria in the gastroduodenal region. The most important event in the prevention of peptic ulcer disease was the discovery of H. pylori, whose existence opens a new stage in the development of diagnostic methods and therapy. The detection of contact with H. pylori is the first step in ulcer diagnosis, and the determination of the bacterial load contributes to the early detection of some serious complications: bleeding, perforation, and malignant transformation. Moreover, the inclusive surgical approach, which contradicts the main scientific postulates of R. Koch and excludes the need for surgical intervention in uncomplicated peptic ulcers, is currently not justified by the integration of H. p