Introduction

The covid-19 virus is an extremely contagious communicable respiratory condition caused by a novel type of virus known as SARS-CoV-2. The virus was originally found in China in the final quarter of 2019, and by March 11th, 2020, had already spread to nearly every country on the planet, prompting WHO to proclaim it a worldwide pandemic (Lone and Ahmad, 2020). Despite the efforts of many organizations including the WHO, government of various countries, clinical institutions, and individuals’ precautions, the virus keeps spreading as it mutates into numerous versions of itself in order to avoid being brought under control (Noh and Danuser, 2021). Millions of individuals have been infected over the world, with a substantial number of deaths reported.

To discover appropriate infection control practices (IPC) of the virus, the government, various institutions, and health workers must work together to build a high-quality combination therapy system. The funds made up to prevent the plague should be put to good use by using evidence-based (EB) procedures. Other measures such as hand washing, social distance, environment sanitation, and mask wearing are advised since IPC alone cannot ensure complete viral eradication. These actions need public education and practice. Public compliance, on the other hand, is dubious and obstructs the virus’s control. The fundamentals of covid-19 infection and control will be examined in this study, as well as the obstacles of treatment of infections in the healthcare setting.

Nature of the Microorganism and Infection Spread

Nature

SARS-CoV-2 is a causal agent, according to microbiological pathogenicity. The SARS COV-2 viruses is a single-stranded coronavirus which has been genetically related to the SARS virus. During the initial stages of the condition, it sheds the most in the respiratory tract. The illness begins after early incubation and can persist up to 14 days, as per the World Health Organization (Cheng et al., 2021).

Infection spread

Williams (2020) describes the covid-19 infection chain as having six distinct phases.

Infectious stage

The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes the illness, which is extremely infectious and causes respiratory sickness. The symptoms of the covid-19 are very severe leading to extreme death cases globally.

Reservoir

The virus can be found in humans, the surroundings, or even animals. It can also be present in mucous, saliva, filthy hands, substances such as faces, respiratory droplets, or the tract in people, and so on. Clothes, walls, and other surfaces are among the surfaces. Coming into close conduct with infected surfaces mentioned above results to transmission of the virus. The virus can remain alive on the surface such as hands for approximately seven hours (Klompas et al., 2020).

Exit portal

Here’s how the SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads from its original source to a new ones. Through e expiratory air, droplets on soiled hands, or spurt-outs are all possibilities. Air transmission is the main channel through which people conduct the virus.

Transmission means

This is how the SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads from a patient’s lips, eyes, or nostrils to someone else’s. It can come via coughs, sneeze, or chatting, as well as indirectly or directly touch with the virus through contaminated objects or hands. According to Wilson et al. (2020), the virus is airborne and spreads by inhaled particles via aerosol-generating techniques.

Entry portal

The virus can enter the body through two routes: through the mouths, eyes, and nose, or by breathing. All body inlets can allow access for the virus if proper care and attention is not taken.

Susceptible host

Anyone can become infected with the covid-19 virus. Patients with poor immune systems, including those with chronic conditions such as respiratory illness, cancer, diabetic conditions, and the aged, are more vulnerable, and once infected, the symptoms are acute (Chiappelli, 2020). Breaking covid-19 viral transmission at any point in the chain, on the other hand, has a high chance of becoming an effective strategy to stop the disease.

The infection impacts the patient and the clinical workplace

Individuals with Covid-19 are more likely to be asymptomatic, with symptoms including coughing, breathing difficulty, lack of smell and taste, muscular discomfort, fever, hoarseness, and so on, and are more likely to develop deadly pneumonia that requires ventilation support and excessive oxygen levels (Volpicelli and Gargani, 2020). Standard precautions (SPs) a